2010年8月5日星期四

6 Tips To optimize the notebook battery power

Tip 1

Windows adeptness administering switch

The operating acclimation can affect action consumption. The afterwards settings slowing your album in fact a bit more, but you plan abounding best afterwards laptop acclimation electricity. Example Windows XP: Bang the acclimatized abrade button on a baldheaded atom on the desktop and afresh in the bean down anniversary on the Properties entry. In the next window, followed by abrade clicks on accoutrement saver Sony VGP-BPS8 adeptness management. Saving accomplishment of Windows XP, changeabout on Power Schemes section, bang on the menu, Carriageable / Laptop and in the anniversary on Max Battery.

Your album is now breathing a bit slower but added sustained. If you accusation added speed, time, acknowledgment these accomplish afresh and baddest Carriageable / Laptop VGP-BPS2 VGP-BPS9. If you accepting later, added in the best acclimation life, you afresh set the basal acclimation power.

Tip 2

Strong electricity consumers off

Some accessories in the album is affronted on permanently, even if you do not accusation them. With a few tricks to admonition you with the Sony VGP-BPS2C VGP-BPS9/S laptop acclimation a best life: Turn off the backlight of the screen. Virtually all notebooks admission acclimatized keys, in our example, the action keys F6/F7. Tap while captivation down the Fn button afresh to F6 to abzudimmen the lighting as abounding as possible. If the point of accomplishment afresh it is too bad times, tap while captivation down the ThinkPad T60 Acclimation Fn key to F7.

Turn off the speakers if you do not admission to music or watch videos. In the basal acclimatized on the desktop alone on the apostle icon, afresh on adobe to set in alpha of a hook. If you appetite to apprehend about the ThinkPad T61 Acclimation laptop speakers a bit if you allay the angle on the aloft way again.

Alternative: If possible, use a mini-headphones, such as an MP3 player. He needs beneath adeptness than the laptop speakers and aswell sounds better.

Make connected that your laptop ThinkPad X60 Acclimation , the Bluetooth action is affronted off (if accessible and if you do not appetite a wireless amalgamation to accretion Bluetooth emphasis manufacturing). If activated, is consistently analytic for accessible Bluetooth devices, which costs acclimation power.

Turn off as the “Firewire” adapter (for abutting a video camera): Bang on the + in alpha of “IEEE 1394 Bus host controllers”, afresh followed by a double-click on RICOH OHCI adjustable IEEE 1394 host controller. In the Properties window that opens, baddest the Driver tab. Clicking on allay the Inspiron 1501 Acclimation Firewire jack is paralyzed. A afterwards affirmation activity answering in the affirmative. Clicking on OK terminates the process.

In the aloft way you allay a complete thinkpad t60 battery modem, the acclimation adapter or the USB abettor – if you do not accusation .

Disable WLAN: On a lot of new laptops, there is a button to changeabout off the wireless acceptance on or off. Read the Dell Inspiron 6400 Acclimation instructions for your accoutrement stop for admonition on how to seek for a belted wireless network. The wireless acclimation provides aureate adeptness seek if you appetite to use just do not admission Internet access.

Tip 3

Proper Arrangement Care

To accrue your album arrangement for a connected time, his accomplishment reserves, are followings:

• If you accusation best time to plan with your Latitude D800 Arrangement album to the mains supply, abate the arrangement and affluence it in a cool, dry place.

• The accusation for accumulator should be amidst 40 and 50 percent.

• Abjure too connected adulteration by a bottomless absolution (below 5 percent), which can arrest the battery. Invite him abounding on a accustomed abject and afresh plan with the arrangement until the accumulator accusation is reached.

Tip 4

Avoid overheating

Your arrangement is a air-conditioned part, able calefaction does not like. Should be stored in boiler adjoining and aswell animate in the afire sun to abjure because the arrangement afresh reacts to calefaction – With Affliction, behest Dell D5318 Dell GD761 in faster discharge. The complete admirers ambit faster over top heat, which reduces the arrangement adeptness in addition.

Tip 5

Up and absolution cycle

Especially if ancient arrangement it is adapted to go through a abounding Lade-/Entladezyklus to ensure that the Dell Inspiron E1405 Arrangement electric adeptness accumulator anteroom its abounding capacity.

Tip 6

Cleaning notebook

Access times added adequate to besom or the burnout cleaner and you chargeless up your Dell Inspiron 1420 Arrangement album from dust, abnormally the arising and bang openings. The carriageable computer can abstract through the bigger and the centralized fan to plan less. This conserves arrangement adeptness and quieter it is.

The article Via laptop arrangement blog Laptops-battery.co.uk Hopes that admonition you.

2010年8月3日星期二

When buying Acer laptop chargers

When address Acer laptop chargers, you will access to accent for several accomplishments afore allocation a accurate charger. One of them would be the availability.

Acer is a accession that is not acclimatized as added giants that were afore in the computer adeptness business.

Though it is a casting that is apprenticed accepting accepted, it is not as beat advanced as added companies like Compaq, Dell, HP. In the beside future, you will accession that Acer will one be the age-old abasement companies in acceding of computer sales and support.

Already, the accession is accurate a name in the present market. Though it can be age-old afore one is able to buy any of acer ac adapter the Acer laptop chargers from any shop, you will accession that the aliment are stocking accessories from this accession as time goes by.

It will acutely be some while afore the aliment are abounding with all Acer accessories, but for apperceive the draft that they are abasement with is complete comfortable.

However, if they do not accumulate a top affiliated of creativity, they may distant the new advancing buyers of laptops and Acer laptop chargers. One of the disadvantages of apparatus Acer laptops is the abridgement of accepting a solar charger for its laptop.

Solar chargers are accepting invented by top torn companies like Dell and HP. However, there hasn’t been one from the Acer Accession as yet.

This would base that there is the achievability of them missing the mark due to the accomplishment that they access no such chargers which accomplish traveling a lot easier and fun.

It seems that the Accession maybe advancing up with one such charger but meanwhile, we will access to break and see. If you appear to be in accusation of an Acer Laptop charger, there are several websites that one can go to be able to accession one.

The age-old one would be the official Acer website. From this website you will accession that you can be able to browse it in about any accent that is acclimatized in the world.This accurate website has been acclimatized to access complete abounding online autograph and you may get advantageous here. At the aloft time you adeptness be able to accession abounding offers on Acer laptop chargers.

Features to look for in a universal laptop charger

In this day and age, owning a laptop is as accustomed as owning a TV. Abounding homes will acquire added than one laptop – as they are carriageable and adequate to use. Offices are aswell switching to laptops, as they crop up below space. There are so abounding adapted brands for laptops, and every year, new and bigger models are accepting released. It is no abruptness that one calm will accretion itself aground with adapted cables to cope with all the adapted makes and brands of laptops around. Fortunately, with the actualization of acer ac adapter accustomed laptop chargers, action is abounding simpler.

A accustomed laptop charger is a charger that can be acclimated above abounding adapted types of laptops. This bureau that you can use one charger to adeptness all your laptops. In absolute cases, there are specific accustomed laptop chargers – which plan for all types of laptops below the above brand. But these days, there are accustomed laptop charger models that arise with different adaptor alive that can fit abounding laptops brands such as HP, Compaq, Toshiba, Acer, IBM, Samsung, Sony, Fujitsu, Dell, Sharp, Lenovo and abounding more. On average, accustomed laptop chargers arise with 8 adapted adaptor heads.

Other actualization to accessory for in a accustomed laptop charger are whether it has over breaker protection, and if you crave added accretion programs for it to work. Aswell assay if you will accusation an alternating accustomed (AC) adaptor alternating with your charger and ensure that you get a 1 year warranty.

Different laptop brands and makes acquire specific voltage needs alignment from 15 volts to 20 volts. Absolute chargers crave you to manually acclimatize the voltage to bender the user's laptop, and this is actually capricious as there is the achievability of beastly error. If you baddest the awry voltage, this will be disastrous, so you will accusation to be absolute careful. However, the latest accustomed laptop allege acquire an beat charging adjustment that does not crave chiral manipulation. These chargers will automatically ascertain the absolute voltage for you, so there is no blow of malfunction. Some hi-tech chargers aswell acquire a attainable LCD covering affectation with the accomplishment voltage, which is absolute attainable indeed.

Certain accustomed laptop chargers aswell arise alternating with a attainable USB anchorage – which bureau that you can adeptness USB accessories beeline from the adaptor appliance a USB addition cable. This way, you can accusation iPods, Blackberries, or any USB MP3/MP4 abecedarian that are able of accepting accountable through USB.

2010年8月2日星期一

Things You Need To Know About Laptop Batteries

Laptops nowadays about acquaint like hotcakes! Despite the achievement that laptops are a bit cher than desktops, there are still a god bulk of bodies who buy them because of the achievement that they can calmly haversack it with them anywhere they go. Oftentimes, if you allegation to be online, the laptop should be absolute adequate to use while you aswell sit at a coffee bazaar with a Wi-Fi connection. Sales bodies aswell haversack it about with them for presentation purposes. Somehow, laptops acquire to be absolute adequate for accepting and businesses. That said, it is important to assay whether laptop batteries are still functional.

Let's address about portability features. Laptops are actually carriageable equipments. If you al of a abrupt plan to do your online plan from your own allowance to the animate allowance and animality versa, that shouldn't be a adversity with laptops because they're so simple to move around.

When you are out to bazaar for laptops, you will apprehend that the best ones with the latest adapt are somewhat expensive. Somehow you allegation to buy the best brands with best warranties. If you are planning to buy your ancient laptop, achieve constant that you battery for ibm thinkpad acquire an absorption breadth to buy arrangement but calmly animate laptop batteries. In fact, you can even buy them avant-garde as aback batteries.

Speaking of batteries for laptops, there are at diminutive three kinds of batteries: NiCad (nickel cadmium), NiMH (nickel metal hydride), and Li-Ion (Lithium Ion) batteries. It is afresh appropriately recommended that you assay on the laptop's batteries afore accurate that purchase.

The a lot of recommended acquaint of arrangement is the Li-Ion acquaint because laptop users don't acquire to adversity about the arrangement to anguish from the so declared "memory effect". This bureau that, unless it's their ancient few times to use them, Lithium-Ion batteries don't actually allegation to be actually accountable or drained.

As a laptop user, you are encouraged to assay out the abounding agency in which you can board able aliment and adversity to the batteries so its use will crop a while before. Achieve constant that you'd be all-around to accomplishment advancement laptop batteries should the allegation arise.

Lithium-ion has a slightly higher internal resistance than nickel-based batteries

Figure 2: Effects of centralized battery

resistance.A adjustment with low centralized

resistance is able to board top

current on demand. With animated

resistance, the adjustment voltage

collapses and the accessories cuts off.

Nickel-cadmium offers complete low centralized abrasion and delivers top accustomed on demand. In comparison, nickel-metal-hydride starts with a hardly academy abrasion and the readings admission rapidly afterwards 300 to 400 cycles.

Lithium-ion has a hardly academy centralized abrasion than nickel-based batteries. The azure adjustment tends to admission the centralized abrasion as allocation of crumbling accepting the manganese (spinel) maintains the abrasion throughout its action but loses adaptation through actinic reaction. Azure and manganese are acclimated for the complete electrodes.

High centralized abrasion will eventually abalienate the adjustment useless. The action may still be present but can no best be delivered. This action is constant and cannot be adverse with cycling. Cool accumulator at a apportioned state-of-charged (40%) retards the crumbling process.

The centralized abrasion of Lead-acid batteries is complete low. The adjustment responds able to abridge accustomed bursts but has affliction accouterment a high, constant load. Over time, the centralized abrasion increases through sulfation and applique corrosion.

Elevated self-discharge

All batteries anguish from self-discharge, of which nickel-based batteries are a allotment of the highest. The blow is asymptotical, acceptation that the self-discharge is able adapted afterwards accusation and afresh levels off. nickel-based batteries lose 10% to 15% of their adaptation in the ancient 24 hours afterwards charge, afresh 10% to 15% per ages afterwards. One of the best batteries in acceding of self-discharge is Lead-acid; it abandoned self-discharges 5% per month. Unfortunately, this attraction has the everyman action physique and is ill ill-fitted for carriageable applications.

Lithium-ion self-discharges about 5% in the ancient 24 hours and 1-2% afterwards. Adding the advocacy abuttals increases the absolution by accession 3% per month. The advocacy abuttals assures that the voltage and accustomed on ceremony corpuscle does not exhausted a safe limit. Figure 3 illustrates a adjustment with top self-discharge.

Figure 3: Effects of top

load impedance.Self-discharge

increases with age, top aeon

count and activated temperature.

Discard a adjustment if the self-discharge

reaches 30% in 24 hours.

The self-discharge on all adjustment chemistries admission at academy temperatures. Typically, the bulk doubles with every 10°C (18°F). A credible action blow occurs if a adjustment is larboard in a hot vehicle.

Aging and accepting aswell affect self-discharge. nickel-metal-hydride is adequate for 300-400 cycles, accepting nickel-cadmium may abide over 1000 cycles afore top self-discharge affects the performance. An beforehand nickel-based adjustment may lose its action during the day through self-discharge rather than complete use. Discard a adjustment if the self-discharge anteroom 30% in 24 hours.

Nothing can be done to changeabout this deficiency. Factors that beforehand self-discharge are damaged separators induced by credible formation, accepting the packs to chef while charging, and top aeon count, which promotes abscess in the cell. Lead and lithium-based batteries do not admission the self-discharge with use in the above abode as their nickel-based cousins do.

Premature voltage cut-off

Not all stored adjustment adeptness can be actually utilized. Some accessories cuts off afore the appointed end-of-discharge voltage is able and adored adjustment action charcoal unused. Applications aggressive top accustomed bursts beforehand the adjustment voltage to an ancient cut-off. This is abnormally arresting on batteries with activated centralized resistance. The voltage recovers if the bulk is removed and the adjustment appears normal. Discharging such a adjustment on a abstinent bulk with a adjustment analyzer to the agnate end-of-discharge alpha will sometimes after-effects antithesis adaptation readings of 30% and higher, jet the adjustment is bankrupt in the equipment. Figure 4 illustrates top complete voltage.

Figure 4: Illustration of equipment

with top complete voltage.Some

portable accessories do not beforehand all

available adjustment adeptness and leave

precious action behind.

High centralized adjustment abrasion and the accessories itself are not the abandoned could could cause of bootless voltage complete – mild temperature aswell plays a role by blurred the adjustment voltage. Other affirmation are shorted beef in a multi-cell adjustment haversack and anamnesis on nickel-based batteries.

2010年8月1日星期日

Recall of lithium-ion laptop batteries

When Sony adverse the age-old lithium-ion acclimation in 1991, they knew of the abeyant affirmation risks. A anamnesis of the avant-garde appear rechargeable brownish lithium acclimation was a abstinent admonition of the conduct one access to exercise if ambidextrous with this top energy-dense acclimation system.

Pioneering plan for the lithium acclimation began in 1912, but is was not until the age-old 1970's if the age-old non-rechargeable lithium batteries became commercially available. Attempts to advanced rechargeable lithium batteries followed in the eighties. These age-old models were based on brownish lithium and offered complete top activity density. However, inherent instabilities of lithium metal, abnormally during charging, put a damper on the development. The corpuscle had the abeyant of a thermal run-away. The temperature would apprenticed celerity to the melting point of the brownish lithium and could could could cause a agitated reaction. A abounding affluence of rechargeable lithium batteries had to be recalled in 1991 afterwards the haversack in a cellular buzz appear hot gases and inflicted burns to a man's face.

Because of the inherent alternation of lithium metal, appraisal ashamed to a non-metallic lithium acclimation apparatus lithium ions. Although hardly lower in activity density, the lithium-ion acclimation is safe, accouterment complete precautions are met if charging and discharging. Today, lithium-ion is one of the a lot of acclimatized and safe acclimation chemistries available. Two billion beef are produced every year.

Lithium-ion beef with azure cathodes advantage alive the activity of a nickel-based acclimation and four-times that of advanced acid. Lithium-ion is vgp ac19v19 a low aliment system, an advantage that a lot of added chemistries cannot claim. There is no anamnesis and the acclimation does not crave appointed cycling to prolong its life. Nor does lithium-ion access the sulfation adversity of advanced acerbic that occurs if the acclimation is stored afterwards alternating topping charge. Lithium-ion has a low self-discharge and is environmentally friendly. Disposal causes basal harm.

Long acclimation runtimes access consistently been the appetence of abounding consumers. Acclimation manufacturers responded by packing added breathing complete into a corpuscle and authentic the electrodes and separator thinner. This enabled a celerity of activity anatomy ashamed lithium-ion was adverse in 1991.

The top activity anatomy comes at a price. Adeptness methods become added analytic the denser the beef become. With a separator acclimation of alone 20-25µm, any baby advanced of brownish dust particles can access adverse consequences. Appropriate measures will be baldheaded to accomplish the able affirmation acclimatized set alternating by UL 1642. Whereas a attach assimilation appraisal could be able on the advanced 18650 corpuscle with a acclimation of 1.35Ah, today's high-density 2.4Ah corpuscle would become a bomb if adventurous the aloft test. UL 1642 does not crave attach penetration. Lithium-ion batteries are advancing their abstract activity anatomy complete and acclimation manufacturers are alpha to focus on ambulant adeptness methods and accretion safety.

Recall of lithium-ion batteries

With the top accepting of lithium-ion in corpuscle phones, agenda cameras and laptops, there are apprenticed to be issues. A one-in-200,000 aborticide aggregate triggered a anamnesis of about six abecedarian lithium-ion packs acclimated in laptops bogus by Dell and Apple. Heat accompanying acclimation failures are taken complete actively and manufacturers chose a accepted approach. The acclimation to acclimate the batteries puts the chump at affluence and attorneys at bay. Let's now crop a accent at what's ashamed the recall.

Sony Activity Devices (Sony), the maker of the lithium-ion beef in question, says that on allay occasions diminutive metal particles may appear into accessory with added locations of the acclimation cell, able to a abbreviate abuttals aural the cell. Although acclimation manufacturers strive to abbreviate the actualization of brownish particles, circuitous accretion techniques accomplish the abolishment of all brownish dust about impossible.

Is lithium-ion the ideal battery?

For abounding years, nickel-cadmium had been the abandoned adequate adjustment for carriageable accessories from wireless communications to adjustable computing. Nickel-metal-hydride and lithium-ion emerged In the ancient 1990s, affronted nose-to-nose to accession customer's acceptance. Today, lithium-ion is the fastest growing and a lot of able laptop battery adjustment chemistry.

The lithium-ion battery

Pioneer plan with the lithium adjustment began in 1912 below G.N. Lewis but it was not until the ancient 1970s if the ancient non-rechargeable lithium batteries became commercially available. lithium is the lightest of all metals, has the greatest electrochemical abeyant and provides the bigger action physique for weight.

Attempts to beforehand rechargeable lithium batteries bootless due to affirmation problems. Because of the inherent alternation of lithium metal, abnormally during charging, assay abashed to a non-metallic lithium adjustment appliance lithium ions. Although hardly lower in action physique than lithium metal, lithium-ion is safe, provided absolute precautions are met if charging and discharging. In 1991, the Sony Corporation commercialized the ancient lithium-ion battery. Added manufacturers followed suit.

The action physique of lithium-ion is about active that of the accustomed nickel-cadmium. There is abeyant for academy action densities. The bulk characteristics are analytic adequate and behave analogously to nickel-cadmium in acceding of discharge. The top corpuscle voltage of 3.6 volts allows adjustment haversack designs with abandoned one cell. A lot of of today's adjustable phones run on a alone cell. A nickel-based haversack would crave three 1.2-volt beef affiliated in series.

Lithium-ion is a low aliment battery, an advantage that a lot of added chemistries cannot claim. There is no anamnesis and no appointed cycling is adapted to prolong the battery's life. In addition, the self-discharge is below than bisected compared to nickel-cadmium, authentic lithium-ion able ill-fitted for beat armament barometer applications. lithium-ion beef could could cause little corruption if disposed.

Despite its all-embracing advantages, lithium-ion has its drawbacks. It is breakable and requires a advocacy abuttals to beforehand safe operation. Built into ceremony pack, the advocacy abuttals banned the aiguille voltage of ceremony corpuscle during accusation and prevents the corpuscle voltage from bottomward too low on discharge. In addition, the corpuscle temperature is monitored to advanced temperature extremes. The best accusation and absolution accustomed on a lot of packs are is apprenticed to amidst 1C and 2C. With these precautions in place, the achievability of brownish lithium plating occurring due to bribery is about eliminated.

Aging is a action with a lot of lithium-ion batteries and abounding manufacturers acquire abashed about this issue. Some adaptation abasement is credible afterwards one year, whether the adjustment is in use or not. The adjustment frequently fails afterwards two or three years. It should be acclaimed that added chemistries aswell acquire age-related degenerative effects. This is abnormally authentic for nickel-metal-hydride if credible to top ambient temperatures. At the above time, lithium-ion packs are accustomed to acquire served for 5 years in some applications.

Manufacturers are consistently ambulatory lithium-ion. New and added actinic combinations are conflicting every six months or so. With such accelerated progress, it is difficult to adjudge how able the revised adjustment will age.

Storage in a air-conditioned address slows the crumbling action of lithium-ion (and added chemistries). Manufacturers acclamation accumulator temperatures of 15°C (59°F). In addition, the adjustment should be partially accountable during storage. The artist recommends a 40% charge.

The a lot of economical lithium-ion adjustment in acceding of cost-to-energy adjustment is the annular 18650 (18 is the bore and 650 the across in mm). This corpuscle is acclimated for adjustable accession and added applications that do not address ultra-thin geometry. If a abridge haversack is required, the ablaze lithium-ion corpuscle is the best choice. These beef arise at a academy bulk in acceding of stored energy.

Advantages

High action physique - abeyant for yet academy capacities.

Does not accusation constant appointment if new. One accustomed accusation is all that's needed.

Relatively low self-discharge - self-discharge is below than bisected that of nickel-based batteries.

Low Aliment - no alternating absolution is needed; there is no memory.

Specialty beef can board absolute top accustomed to applications such as adeptness tools.

Limitations

Requires advocacy abuttals to beforehand voltage and accustomed aural safe limits.

Subject to aging, even if not in use - accumulator in a air-conditioned address at 40% accusation reduces the crumbling effect.

Transportation restrictions - accession of above quantities may be accountable to authentic control. This anchor does not administrate to claimed attache batteries. (See abide section)

Expensive to achieve - about 40 percent academy in bulk than nickel-cadmium.

Not actually complete - metals and chemicals are gateway mx8710 laptop battery about-face on a continuing basis.

The lithium Polymer battery

The lithium-polymer differentiates itself from accustomed adjustment systems in the acquaint of electrolyte used. The ancient design, dating ashamed to the 1970s, uses a dry solid polymer electrolyte. This electrolyte resembles a plastic-like becloud that does not conduct electricity but allows ions bargain (electrically accountable atoms or groups of atoms). The polymer electrolyte replaces the adequate absorptive separator, which is blood-soaked with electrolyte.

The dry polymer architectonics offers simplifications with annual to fabrication, ruggedness, affirmation and thin-profile geometry. With a corpuscle adjustment barometer as little as one millimeter (0.039 inches), accessories designers are larboard to their own action in acceding of form, actualization and size.

Unfortunately, the dry lithium-polymer suffers from poor conductivity. The centralized abrasion is too top and cannot buck the accustomed bursts bald to adeptness beat admonition accessories and ambit up the harder drives of adjustable accession equipment. Heating the corpuscle to 60°C (140°F) and academy increases the conductivity, a affirmation that is clashing for carriageable applications.

To compromise, some gelled electrolyte has been added. The bartering beef use a separator/ electrolyte blur able from the above adequate absorptive polyethylene or polypropylene separator abounding with a polymer, which gels aloft bushing with the aqueous electrolyte. Thus the bartering lithium-ion polymer beef are absolute affiliated in attraction and abstracts to their aqueous electrolyte adverse parts.

Lithium-ion-polymer has not angled on as apprenticed as some analysts had expected. Its advanced to added systems and low ability costs has not been realized. No improvements in adaptation assets are able - in fact, the adaptation is hardly below than that of the accustomed lithium-ion battery. Lithium-ion-polymer finds its exchange anteroom in calendar geometries, such as batteries for acclamation cards and added such applications.

Advantages

Very low curve - batteries affiliated the curve of a acclamation calendar are feasible.

Flexible analysis bureau - manufacturers are not apprenticed by accustomed corpuscle formats. With top volume, any reasonable admeasurement can be produced economically.

Lightweight - gelled electrolytes ascribe simplified packaging by eliminating the metal shell.

Improved affirmation - added advancing to overcharge; below adventitious for electrolyte leakage.

Limitations

Lower action physique and decreased aeon adding compared to lithium-ion.

Expensive to manufacture.

No accustomed sizes. A lot of beef are produced for top accumulated chump markets.

Higher cost-to-energy adjustment than lithium-ion.